Chinese History

 [1] First, the basic concepts and judgments
1, the structure of feudal society in China before the Opium War
economic characteristics: the feudal land ownership (the landlord land ownership) dominated. The basic production structure: small-peasant economy. Smallholders economic characteristics are: individual and family as the unit combined with the cottage industry self-sufficient economy. politics: the feudal autocratic monarchy with highly centralized totalitarian system (also known as br> culture: the core of Confucianism.
social structure: the combination of family rights and the power of the feudal patriarchal hierarchy. is the core of patriarchal clans.
2, four times larger after the war of aggression and its unequal treaties signed by the Sino-British Opium War
the first time and signed the during the second Opium War, signed the Boxer Protocol. .
4, Ningbo, Shanghai); after the Second Opium War and signed the the source of the Chinese bourgeoisie: some comprador, businessmen, landlords, bureaucrats, artisans, etc..
8, the Chinese bourgeoisie stratification: the bureaucratic bourgeoisie, national bourgeoisie.
9, the beginning of modern Chinese society: Opium War and the is the principal contradiction.
11, the Chinese people in modern history, the first armed struggle against aggression: People's Anti-British Struggle Sanyuanli.
12, led the people of Taiwan resisted the Japanese occupation of Taiwan's people: Hei Qijun chief Liu Yongfu.
13, martyred in the First Opium War generals: Guangdong Admiral days off training, South Prefect Chen into.
14, Jiawu martyred in the Battle of the generals: Ding Ruchang the Northern Fleet commander, pipe band Deng Shichang, Lin Yongsheng, Liu Buchan so.
15, eyes open, modern China's first look at the world's people: Lin.
16, Wei Yuan's Yi.
17, China's Early Reformers: Ma Jianzhong, Wang Tao, Zheng Guanying other.
18, Chinese people generally begin the awakening of national consciousness is, after Sino-Japanese War.
19, Yan Fu decision of salvation > Second, the short answer questions
1, China's social crisis in the late feudal society, the performance of the late Qianlong
former also appeared the , before the period of all three aspects, such as, politically, to strengthen centralized, bureaucratic negligence, corruption, bureaucratic corruption integrity. Economically, land acquisition serious usurious rent increase, no or little land farmers to increase, farmers living in poverty bear . military, military decline, arms lax. Banners Army Green Standard Army was no fighting corruption. ideology and culture, with the taste of foreign domination of Manchu, Daxing literary inquisition, suppression of heresy, and immobility. foreign relations, the implementation of a policy of seclusion, almost in and World isolation.
Qing crisis is all the previous dynasties, as signs of regime change there, but history has not given China the opportunity to create another feudal dynasty. big world frame of reference has changed, the Western capitalist arrival will change the fate of China.
2, Why is the First Opium War in 1840 the beginning of modern Chinese history
from 1840 to 1949, China has gradually evolved into the formation and deepening to do for the semi-feudal state .
First, the semi-oriented. It was from the perspective of political sovereignty. violations of sovereignty, territorial integrity had been damaged and no fact, became a country its name.
Second, of the semi-feudal. This is deconstruction of the economic base and economic perspective. (1) feudal self-sufficient economy began to disintegrate, the commodity economy to a certain degree of development, the Chinese economy has become dependent on the world agricultural market, a part of capitalism. (2) in the West stimulation of capitalism, the Chinese urban and rural areas into the capitalist production relations and to be developed.
3, semi-feudal society is characterized by what?
(1) capitalist imperialism and political control of China's economic lifeline, the decision and dominate China.
(2) China's feudal forces had colluded with the aggressors, one is the oppression of the Chinese people's social powers and the rule of basic pillars.
(3) Although the destruction of natural economy, but the landlord still land ownership .
(4) Although the production of capitalism in China and have some development, but still weak, did not become the main body of China's economy.
(5) China's political and economic development is highly uneven within China is not uniform. This and capital - the imperialist struggle and indirect control, and Chinese local agricultural economy based on local separatist, China is a vast and so on.
(6) of the Chinese people living in extreme poverty and political power.
4, China the characteristics of the national bourgeoisie
(1) divided into upper and lower middle class.
(2) two features and a double personality. On the one hand by the Emperor, sealing pressure, under certain conditions, can take part in the revolutionary anti-imperialist anti-seal or remain neutral. On the other hand, due to weak, with the Emperor, letters are inextricably linked, the struggle against the lack of thoroughness.
(3) Chinese democratic revolution, the national bourgeoisie can not lead to victory.
5 the Chinese working class is characterized by the formation of what?
sources characteristics: born in a foreign enterprise in China, the Chinese bourgeoisie than older age and qualifications, greater social infrastructure and social forces.
China of the working class to its own characteristics: �� by the Emperor, letters, capital triple oppression, more revolutionary. �� despite fewer, but the relative concentration of (geographically concentrated in the coastal cities along the river ports, the industry's major focus in the textile, mining, railways, shipping, etc.), easy to organize and form a revolutionary force; �� mostly from bankrupt farmers, and farmers have natural links, easy to form a worker-peasant alliance. Therefore, the Chinese working class and the most advanced, most revolutionary, most powerful. < br> 6, modern Chinese people, the struggle against foreign aggression and repeated failures of the reasons for that?
1840-1919 years of struggle against foreign aggression have failed because:
(1) corrupt social system. This is the root cause. Qing rule in the into the modern times, the social system changed, more corruption. even after collusion with the invaders, the majority of Chinese people as the main enemy. people against aggression and patriotic officers and soldiers of the resistance often therefore lead to failure. (2) economic and technological backwardness of the Chinese people against aggression are an important reason for the failure. Western industrial revolution, rapid economic, technological and military equipment development, China's GDP is small, backward industrial technology, inevitably vulnerable to attack. economy backward technology will inevitably affect the weapons and equipment, military quality, comprehensive strength and so far inferior.
important test sites to explain
three essay questions
1, the establishment of the Western capitalist system and its colonial expansion in China Threat
(1) the establishment of the capitalist system and the Industrial Revolution .1640 marked the bourgeois revolution in Britain into the world capitalist era. the United States and France have established the capitalist system. occurred after the establishment of the capitalist system the industrial revolution. highly efficient production of large machines to replace the original workshop production of the low efficiency of hand.
(2) expansion of capitalism and the inevitable contact. capitalist commodity production needs raw materials and products market, the capitalist system in place Western capitalist countries by the colonial military, political, economic and cultural invasion of their country into a way to put some part of the capitalist market. China has become the object of the fate of its expansion has been inevitable, war is inevitable.
2 , the two major conflicts in modern Chinese society and its relationship
contrast a pair of contradictions of feudal society, an increase of modern Chinese society couple. expressed as: the contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and the masses of contradictions. before a pair of the most important contradiction is the contradiction between the various contradictions. two of the contradictions throughout the semi-feudal society movement, decided to change the development of Chinese society.
the relationship between two contradictions: different times show different status, such as sometimes solve the ethnic conflict is the main object. If the war against aggression and the Boxer Rebellion previous. sometimes shown as the main contradiction of class contradictions, such as the Taiping peasant uprisings and Revolution. sometimes collusion between the two work together, such as the suppression of the Taiping peasant movement.
3, in modern times the two major historical tasks facing the Chinese people and their relationship
(1) the nature of semi-feudal society and the principal contradiction, the decision of the two major historical tasks.
(2) two major historical tasks statements: First, obtain national independence and liberation of the people; the second is to achieve national prosperity and people prosperity.
(3) the relationship between
difference: the main, the content is different. The former want to change the national oppression, People's status and situation of exploitation, from the overthrow of the social rule of semi-feudal order to address the production relations; which is to change the modern cultural and social backwardness of China's economic status and the state is to the full development of modern national industry and commerce solve the productivity problem.
contact: completion of the first major task is to create conditions for the second task is completed.
the one hand, the former is a prerequisite, only the realization of national independence and liberation of the people to abolish the unequal powers to impose Treaty in order to overthrow the feudal autocratic system, change the comprador and feudal production relations, the liberation of productive forces, opening up the road toward modernization.
other hand, the fight for national independence and liberation of the ultimate goal is to make China's modernization, to achieve national prosperity and Prosperity of the Chinese nation independent nations of the world.
4, from the Opium War to the Chinese people before the Revolution of the performance of the awakening of national consciousness
doctor before the Opium War and the general concept of the Chinese people: towards a Kingdom of Heaven .
After the Opium War began to gradually change, resulting in the awakening of national consciousness, its performance and the process is:
(1) Learn the length of Technology from the Western ideas and thoughts generated Early Reformers: Lin: Simply looking at the world of modern China, the first person. Wei: Editor . to create a place in modern China and the West to learn the first of its kind. Westernization Movement in Ma Jianzhong, Wang Tao, Zheng Guanying and other early Reformation thought, advocating reform of feudal autocracy.
(2) national salvation and rejuvenation of China's slogans shouted: Jiawu After the war, the Chinese began to universal awakening of national consciousness. Fu ; the strongest voice of the times.
(3) in modern times with high ideals, that is, with a strong sense of crisis and national awareness, in salvation and survival, under the banner of rejuvenating the Chinese nation, and explore the path to save the Chinese nation. The Chinese of all classes this historical drama staged.
[2] First, the basic concepts and determine the solution
1, Jintian uprising: in January 1851, Hong led a congregation of God Worship Guiping County in Guangxi Province Jin Tamura revolt Building No. Taiping.
2, Wing champion: March 1851, Hong King in Togo announced said. formed after the closure V., Wing Wang: Wang Feng Yang for the East, the West Xiaochao Gui Wang, Feng Yunshan as Nanwang, Wei Changhui for the North King Ground in the Yi Wang, the king closed east kings are subject to moderation.
3, capital in Tianjing: March 1853, the Taiping captured Nanjing and renamed Tianjing, as the capital of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
4, Tianjing Incident: September 1856, there have been Tianjing Incident, East Wang Yang, Wang Wei Changhui north has killed, Yi Wang Ground in troops to leave after the downfall.
5, enacted in 1853, is a programmatic document for the balance of heaven and social reform program.
6, peasant land issues, lack of implementation of the class basis and social conditions.
7, Taiping peasant movement the root cause of failure: failure in 1864. root cause of the failure of the peasant class is the class limitations, in other words, the lack of advanced classes leadership.
8, Westernization and Westernization in overall charge of the central authority: Yi �� is the leader, and Zeng, Li, Zuo, such as Zhang Zhidong .1861 Prime Minister set up in bureaucratic affairs of States.
9, Westernization in the Westernization career goal: purpose.
11, held the cause of the guiding ideology of Westernization: the first by a Feng summed up: School for the body, Western learning for use.
12, Westernization organized form and nature of commercial enterprises: the form of: government-run, government Government Commerce (with up to form), officials and businessmen co. nature: basically capitalist nature of modern business.
13, a sign of failure Westernization Movement: Sino-Japanese War in the Northern Navy annihilated.
14, bourgeois reformers of the main representatives: Kang (standard-bearer), Liang, Tan, Yan Fu, etc..
15, Beijing sent a bus to send provincial exam) to the emperor a letter, requested and refused to conferences and political reform in Japan.
16, Reform of the theory of propaganda article: Kang, Reform through righteousness, , Paul Congress. Shanghai ). They also proposed to the Emperor the Imperial University.
18, reformers and conservatives debate the issue and its essence: to do political reform, a constitutional monarchy or not, we should not waste stereotyped, changing school examination, and Xing. essentially bourgeois ideology and the ideology of feudalism in China, the first direct confrontation.
19, a representative figure of the old school: Westernization bureaucratic Zhang, who wrote br> 20, signs.
21, Evaluation of Centre for more complete program of social reform.
evaluation (1) core depth. (2) but not beyond the narrow scope of peasant small producers. it is pursuing is a small cottage industry of agriculture and natural combination of economy, is a small farmers do not mind the circulation of commodities, commodity exchange and absolute The average ideal society. Therefore, this social ideal, is unrealistic fantasy. of the feudal system has negative meaning, but not constructive.
2, how to evaluate : 1859, lack of implementation of the class basis and social conditions.
3, outlined the reasons for the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and lessons
(1) the root cause of failure: a lack of leadership of the advanced class. peasant class is not new productive forces and production relations representatives of small producers with the limitations inherent in the class.
(2) the specific reasons (root causes of the external appearance). can not propose a complete and correct political program and social reform program. there is no scientific theory. . can not long maintain the unity of leadership, unable to stop the phenomenon of corruption within the ruling hierarchy of feudal ideas and breeding. in foreign issues, the foreign capitalist powers of the lack of rational understanding of real aggression.
(3) experience lesson: the occurrence and failure of the Taiping Rebellion that, in the semi-feudal society, the farmers have a great revolutionary force, but it can not assume leadership of the struggle against imperialism and feudalism task of victory.
4, due to the failure of the Westernization Movement What?
(1) has a feudal Westernization Movement. Westernization Movement guiding principle is
(2) Westernization Movement .. depended on the Western powers in the process of semi-feudal China, an increasingly modern grave situation, the more positive the introduction of Western the dependence of the Western powers support .. Westernization by the Western powers, to control and manipulate the purpose of the Qing court.
(3) foreign affairs of the enterprise management has decayed. Westernization enterprises run by the management is still new to the feudal bureaucratic style of management, so that the Westernization enterprises lack vitality and vigor.
(4) the persistence of the Qing ruling forces in the block is one of the reasons.
5, outlined the reasons for the failure of the Hundred Days Reform Movement and lessons learned
(1) main reasons: the main reason for failure of the Hundred Days Reform Movement is a class themselves reformers limitations (power of the Chinese national capitalist economy is very weak, very narrow social basis of the national bourgeoisie, which is the root cause) and the Empress Dowager Cixi's conservative forces, led by strong opposition.
(2) specific reasons:. not deny feudalism. in politics can not simply deny the feudal monarchy; economy did not touch on the economic base of feudalism mm feudal land ownership; thought by Confucius in the name of limited to some bureaucratic literati and intellectuals, have not been the support of the masses. and fear of the people.
(3) Lessons learned: the Chinese national bourgeoisie Reformative political arena is the first show. Hundred Days Reform of failure not only exposed the weakness of this class, but also indicate semi-feudal China, for top-down attempt by the rulers of the road improvements, will not work. in order to achieve national independence, democracy, prosperity, must be a means of revolution.
important test sites to explain
three essay questions
1, Shishu historical significance of the peasant struggle the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
uprising failed, but it has important historical significance. < br> First, it is a heavy blow to the feudal ruling class, strongly shook the foundation of the rule of the Qing government. (1) from the size, duration (14 years), affecting the depth of the point of view, are larger than all previous peasant uprising . (2) under the influence of the Taiping Rebellion, the uprising around the surging anti-ethnic groups (such as heaven and earth will rebel, Nien Rebellion uprising and ethnic groups, etc.). accelerate the process of the decline of the Qing dynasty.
Second, it is the peak of the old peasant war in China, with a different from the previous history of peasant wars of the new features. (1) peak: the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom established its own government, proposed the desire to own land. (2) New features: , Taiping severely criticized Confucius and Confucian classics, to some extent weakened the feudal rule of the spiritual pillar. (link characteristics of feudal society to understand the cultural characteristics)
Fourth, the Taiping peasant war against a powerful foreign invading forces. Taiping leaders refused to unequal treaties, the opium trade is strictly prohibited. collusion among the common foreign reactionary forces suppressed the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the soldiers waged a heroic struggle.
Fifth, in the mid-19th century national liberation movements in Asia, the Taiping peasant wars is the longest, largest, it and other Asian countries converge with the national liberation movements, the impact of Western colonial rule in Asia.
2, Shishu historical role of the Westernization Movement
(1) in the objective to promote the early Chinese industry and the development of national capitalism. Westernization inherited Wei Yuan's development of military industries, the development of several commercial enterprises, so that the capitalist economic sectors in the economy was growing.
(2) as the beginning of modern education in China. In order to develop new diplomatic, military, scientific and technological personnel, runs a Westernization approved new schools, school officials sent students first, this is the beginning of modern education in China.
(3) the dissemination of new knowledge, to open people's horizons. Westernization translated a number of Western books about the West modern scientific and cultural knowledge, to bring China to the then new knowledge, new knowledge, broaden people's horizons.
(4) caused a change in social values and the values. With the rise of the Westernization Movement and the capitalist production way, the traditional values are under attack, it has also changed social atmosphere conducive to the development of capitalism, social atmosphere conducive to change.
3, Shishu Hundred Days Reform Hundred Days Reform movement of the significance of
campaign failed, but with the progress and impact of historical significance.
(1) Hundred Days Reform Movement was a patriotic movement for national salvation. Reformists in imminent danger, and divide the moment of crisis around the corner to come forward and set off a political reform survival to safeguard national independence and national salvation movement of capitalist development, reflecting the requirements of the times.
(2) the Hundred Days Reform movement (the earliest) the nature of a bourgeois political reform movement. broke through the Westernization yong 3) The Hundred Days Reform Movement is a thinking of the Enlightenment. reformers vigorously spread of Western social and political theory, propaganda natural rights, freedom, equality, social evolution and other concepts, criticism of feudal monarchy and the feudal Gangchanglunli is conducive to democratic thinking in China transmission. driven by the reformers, the formation of a wide range of cultural reform movement, and the development of modern education has played a positive role.
(4) reform of social conduct in the Hundred Days Reform movement also has the meaning can not be underestimated. reformers advocated eliminate opium and other bad habits and women's bound feet, advocated